{"id":1889,"date":"2026-06-18T10:15:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T10:15:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/?p=1889"},"modified":"2026-06-18T10:16:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T10:16:37","slug":"dac-diem-sinh-hoc-co-che-ky-sinh-tuyen-trung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/en\/2026\/06\/18\/dac-diem-sinh-hoc-co-che-ky-sinh-tuyen-trung\/","title":{"rendered":"BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PARASITIC MECHANISM OF NEMATODES"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1eb6C \u0110I\u1ec2M SINH H\u1eccC, C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe K\u00dd SINH TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 TI\u1ec0M N\u0102NG \u1ee8NG D\u1ee4NG TRONG N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P B\u1ec0N V\u1eeeNG<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT V\u1ec0 TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td> Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Samson (t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng danh: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m t\u00fai (Ascomycota) thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Ophiocordycipitaceae, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng quan c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u00fd sinh nematode (bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1m d\u00ednh, x\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m b\u1eb1ng enzyme v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i k\u00fd sinh), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh th\u00e1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m n\u00e0y trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n canh t\u00e1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cho th\u1ea5y P. lilacinum c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cao trong vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nematicide \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng sinh h\u1ecdc (bionematicide), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng \u2013 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m t\u00edm n\u00e0y. <strong>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: <\/strong><em>Purpureocillium lilacinum; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc; tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; enzyme ngo\u1ea1i b\u00e0o; bionematicide; n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (plant-parasitic nematodes \u2013 PPNs) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 80\u2013100 t\u1ef7 USD (Oka et al., 2000). Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng s\u01b0ng r\u1ec5 (Meloidogyne spp.) v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ec5 (Pratylenchus spp.) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau, thanh long v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau m\u00e0u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nematicide t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 Carbofuran v\u00e0 Ethoprophos. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia do \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh cao, t\u1ed3n d\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc thay th\u1ebf an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Purpureocillium lilacinum l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m k\u00fd sinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng (nematophagous fungi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cao nh\u1ea5t (Castillo Lopez et al., 2014). B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n canh t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I H\u1eccC V\u00c0 DANH PH\u00c1P<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Thom (1910) v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Penicillium lilacinum, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Samson (1974) chuy\u1ec3n sang chi Paecilomyces. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 DNA ribosome (rDNA) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m si\u00eau c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh chi m\u1edbi Purpureocillium b\u1edfi Luangsa-ard v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>B\u1ea3ng 1. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Purpureocillium lilacinum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><em>B\u1eadc Ph\u00e2n Lo\u1ea1i<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td><strong><em>T\u00ean Khoa H\u1ecdc \/ T\u00ean G\u1ecdi<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>Gi\u1edbi (Kingdom)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Fungi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>Ng\u00e0nh (Phylum)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Ascomycota (N\u1ea5m t\u00fai)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>L\u1edbp (Class)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Sordariomycetes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>B\u1ed9 (Order)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Hypocreales<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>H\u1ecd (Family)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Ophiocordycipitaceae<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>Chi (Genus)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Purpureocillium<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>Lo\u00e0i (Species)<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>P. lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard et al., 2011<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><em>T\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng danh<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/td><td>Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson, 1974<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u0110\u1eb6C \u0110I\u1ec2M H\u00ccNH TH\u00c1I V\u00c0 SINH L\u00dd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.1. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m khu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea1ch khoai t\u00e2y \u2013 dextrose (PDA) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 25\u201328\u00b0C, khu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a P. lilacinum ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, sau \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng t\u00edm nh\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edm s\u1eabm \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh b\u00e0o t\u1eed. M\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 lilacin \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t polyketide c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 fumonisins (Bastos de Oliveira et al., 2018). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"288\" data-id=\"1890\" src=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/tuyentrung.png\" alt=\"tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng\n\" class=\"wp-image-1890\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"289\" data-id=\"1891\" src=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/tuyentrung2.png\" alt=\"tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng\n\" class=\"wp-image-1891\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.2. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh b\u00e0o t\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec9nh (conidiophores) ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, mang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh (phialides) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: ph\u00ecnh to \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 thu\u00f4n nh\u1ecdn d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00f4 t\u00ednh (conidia) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo chu\u1ed7i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh phialide, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh elip \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 2\u20133 \u00d7 1\u20131,5 \u00b5m, v\u00e1ch m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.3. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P. lilacinum l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m ho\u1ea1i sinh c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00edch nghi r\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 sinh l\u00fd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>B\u1ea3ng 2. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 sinh l\u00fd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a Purpureocillium lilacinum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 sinh l\u00fd<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong><\/td><td>24\u201330\u00b0C<\/td><td>10\u201337\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>pH \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/td><td>5,5\u20137,5<\/td><td>4,0\u20139,0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea5t (%WHC)<\/strong><\/td><td>40\u201370%<\/td><td>20\u201390%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n carbon \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/strong><\/td><td>Chitin, glucose<\/td><td>\u0110a d\u1ea1ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0o t\u1eed t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/td><td>10\u2076 CFU\/g \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe K\u00dd SINH TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P. lilacinum l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m k\u00fd sinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng (nematophagous fungi) v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng (egg parasitism), con non (juvenile parasitism) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u00fd sinh di\u1ec5n ra qua b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00e1m d\u00ednh (Adhesion)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0o t\u1eed n\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec (cuticle) c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c: l\u1ef1c t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e1ch b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 cuticle, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c protein adhesin \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 (host recognition) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (chemotaxis) ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng, k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u00e0o t\u1eed n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m (Penetration)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t. B\u00e0o t\u1eed n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng m\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e9p (appressorium) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ea5m ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p enzyme ngo\u1ea1i b\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Serine protease (VCP1, PL-ECP2): <\/strong>Enzyme quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y protein c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac collagen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c glycoprotein trong bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng. Ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a serine protease t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c k\u00fd sinh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ch\u1ee7ng n\u1ea5m (Bonants et al., 1995).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chitinase (PlChia): <\/strong>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03b2-1,4-glycosidic trong chu\u1ed7i chitin \u2013 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng (chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 18\u201325% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lipase: <\/strong>Ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i l\u1edbp lipid k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c enzyme kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1edbp chitin v\u00e0 protein b\u00ean trong.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Collagenase: <\/strong>Tham gia ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y l\u1edbp collagen fibrous trong v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i k\u00fd sinh (Colonization)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m (hyphae) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee9ng, h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, n\u1ea5m c\u0169ng ti\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c (mycotoxins) nh\u01b0 diketopiperazines v\u00e0 beauvericin gi\u00fap \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7. V\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, co r\u00fat v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4 sau 3\u20137 ng\u00e0y nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.4. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n (Sporulation)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e2m xuy\u00ean qua v\u1ecf tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng\/tr\u1ee9ng ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1ng sinh b\u00e0o t\u1eed m\u00e0u t\u00edm \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. B\u00e0o t\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t, theo n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu k\u1ef3 k\u00fd sinh m\u1edbi. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0o t\u1eed (&gt;12 th\u00e1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 tho\u00e1ng) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m k\u00fd sinh c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u1ee8NG D\u1ee4NG TRONG N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P B\u1ec0N V\u1eeeNG<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.1. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a P. lilacinum trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. Kerry v\u00e0 Hidalgo-Diaz (2004) t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb 67 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ea5m t\u00edm gi\u1ea3m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng Meloidogyne spp. t\u1eeb 50\u201385% so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng (egg mass), kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nematicide h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u2013 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.2. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>B\u1ea3ng 3. So s\u00e1nh bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>P. lilacinum (Sinh h\u1ecdc)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Nematicide h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean tr\u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/td><td>Cao (k\u00fd sinh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp)<\/td><td>Th\u1ea5p\u2013Trung b\u00ecnh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>D\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/td><td>Cao (th\u00e1ng\u2013n\u0103m)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/td><td>Ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/td><td>R\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p<\/td><td>Cao (sau 3\u20135 v\u1ee5)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Chi ph\u00ed (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i)<\/strong><\/td><td>Th\u1ea5p\u2013Trung b\u00ecnh<\/td><td>Th\u1ea5p (ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>K\u00edch th\u00edch sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong><\/td><td>C\u00f3 (gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp)<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.3. C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P. lilacinum \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e0 ph\u00ea (Coffea spp.): Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Meloidogyne spp. v\u00e0 Pratylenchus coffeae g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i r\u1ec5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ed3 ti\u00eau (Piper nigrum): Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do Meloidogyne incognita t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thanh long (Hylocereus spp.): B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 r\u1ec5 kh\u1ecfi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1i t\u1eed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cam qu\u00fdt (Citrus spp.): Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Tylenchulus semipenetrans g\u00e2y suy t\u00e0n ch\u1eadm (slow decline)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rau m\u00e0u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i: C\u00e0 chua, \u1edbt, d\u01b0a leo b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi Meloidogyne javanica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. C\u00c1C Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0 \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG \u0110\u1ebeN HI\u1ec6U QU\u1ea2 SINH H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a P. lilacinum trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7ng n\u1ea5m, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd \u2013 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9: <\/strong>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u 24\u201330\u00b0C. D\u01b0\u1edbi 15\u00b0C, s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0o t\u1eed b\u1ecb \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh; tr\u00ean 35\u00b0C, enzyme ngo\u1ea1i b\u00e0o m\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>pH \u0111\u1ea5t: <\/strong>Ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh enzyme cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf pH 6,0\u20137,0. \u0110\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 chua (pH &lt; 5,0) ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh (pH &gt; 8,0) l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0o t\u1eed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m: <\/strong>C\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c 40\u201370% WHC (Water Holding Capacity). Ng\u1eadp \u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng do n\u1ea5m l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1: <\/strong>T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thu\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0o t\u1eed trong \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (OM &gt; 2%) cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n chitin v\u00e0 cellulose l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ea5t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.2. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi vi sinh v\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (microbiome) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a P. lilacinum trong \u0111\u1ea5t. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ea5m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ed9ng sinh t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi Trichoderma spp. v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Bacillus spp., t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng (synergistic effect) cao h\u01a1n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>T\u00ean ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb n\u1ea5m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td><td>Hexaconazole, Carbendazim<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb n\u1ea5m sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td><td>Trichoderma spp.<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch t\u1ed1t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ph\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 vi sinh<\/strong><\/td><td>Ph\u00e2n chu\u1ed3ng \u1ee7 hoai<\/td><td>T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u pyrethroid<\/strong><\/td><td>Cypermethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (NPK)<\/strong><\/td><td>Urea, DAP, KCl<\/td><td>Li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p: \u1ed5n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Purpureocillium lilacinum<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111a n\u0103ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a t\u1ea7ng, t\u1eeb b\u00e1m d\u00ednh, ti\u1ebft enzyme ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2013 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i k\u00fd sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n b\u00e0o t\u1eed. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nematicide h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, n\u1ea5m t\u00edm c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n sinh h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb <em>P. lilacinum<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/878108480\/tuy%E1%BA%BFn-trung-1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/878108480\/tuy%E1%BA%BFn-trung-1\" rel=\"dofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Luangsa-ard, J.J., Houbraken, J., van Doorn, T., et al. (2011). Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 321(2), 141\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Bonants, P.J.M., Fitters, P.F.L., Thijs, H., et al. (1995). A basic serine protease from Paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs. Microbiology, 141(4), 775\u2013784.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Kerry, B.R. &amp; Hidalgo-Diaz, L. (2004). Application of Pochonia chlamydosporia in the integrated control of root-knot nematodes on organically grown vegetables in Cuba. IOBC WPRS Bulletin, 27(1), 123\u2013126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Castillo Lopez, D., Zhu-Salzman, K., Ek-Ramos, M.J., &amp; Sword, G.A. (2014). The entomopathogenic fungal endophytes Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) and Beauveria bassiana negatively affect cotton aphid reproduction. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103891.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] Bastos de Oliveira, L.S., Melo, I.S., Leit\u00e3o Barbosa, M.A.G., et al. (2018). Purpureocillium lilacinum: biological control of Meloidogyne javanica in tomato and biochemical characterization of its metabolites. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 28(7), 697\u2013714.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] Oka, Y., Nacar, S., Putievsky, E., et al. (2000). Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathology, 90(7), 710\u2013715.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] Samson, R.A. (1974). Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology, 6, 1\u2013119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] Khan, A., Williams, K.L., &amp; Nevalainen, H.K.M. (2004). Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus protease and chitinase on the eggshell structures and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles. Biological Control, 31(3), 346\u2013352.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{&quot;notices&quot;:[],&quot;hideNextPreviousButtons&quot;:false,&quot;isDisabledPrevious&quot;:true,&quot;isDisabledNext&quot;:false,&quot;ariaLabelPrevious&quot;:&quot;Scroll products left&quot;,&quot;ariaLabelNext&quot;:&quot;Scroll products right&quot;,&quot;collection&quot;:&quot;woocommerce\\\/product-collection\\\/hand-picked&quot;}\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.onRender\" data-wp-interactive=\"woocommerce\/product-collection\" data-wp-router-region=\"wc-product-collection-2\" style=\"\" data-__private-preview-state=\"{&quot;isPreview&quot;:false,&quot;previewMessage&quot;:&quot;S\\u1ea3n ph\\u1ea9m th\\u1ef1c t\\u1ebf s\\u1ebd kh\\u00e1c nhau t\\u00f9y theo trang \\u0111\\u01b0\\u1ee3c xem.&quot;}\" data-block-name=\"woocommerce\/product-collection\" data-collection=\"woocommerce\/product-collection\/hand-picked\" data-dimensions=\"{&quot;widthType&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\" 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