{"id":1878,"date":"2026-06-12T04:24:39","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T04:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/?p=1878"},"modified":"2026-06-12T09:17:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T09:17:26","slug":"tuyen-trung-va-1-so-tac-dong-den-he-sinh-thai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/en\/2026\/06\/12\/tuyen-trung-va-1-so-tac-dong-den-he-sinh-thai\/","title":{"rendered":"Nematodes and some impacts on the soil ecosystem"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.T\u1ed4NG QUAN V\u1ec0 TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.1 Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng (ng\u00e0nh Nematoda, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 giun tr\u00f2n) l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 thu\u00f4n d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng hai b\u00ean. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi &#8220;Nematoda&#8221; xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p &#8220;nema&#8221; (s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9) v\u00e0 &#8220;oeides&#8221; (c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng), ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111a s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 0,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,5 mm, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i k\u00fd sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c centim\u00e9t. D\u00f9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nay m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 25.000\u201330.000 lo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 &#8220;v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng&#8221; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><em>\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc: n\u1ebfu x\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea5n quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u v\u00f2ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture1-704x1024.jpg\" alt=\"TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG \u00a0V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I\" class=\"wp-image-1879\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture1-704x1024.jpg 704w, https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture1-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture1-600x873.jpg 600w, https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture1.jpg 722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.2&nbsp;C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng tinh vi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cuticle (bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec) dai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00ean trong l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 xoang gi\u1ea3 (pseudocoelom) ch\u1ee9a d\u1ecbch c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7y t\u0129nh (hydrostatic skeleton) gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu m\u00f4n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00f9y theo nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac stylet (kim ch\u00edch h\u00fat) c\u1ee9ng nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, trong khi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ec1 sinh s\u1ea3n, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 hai gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ednh (parthenogenesis). V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ed3m tr\u1ee9ng, b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng (J1\u2013J4) v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 (dauer larva ho\u1eb7c anhydrobiosis) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong><strong>Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt: ao h\u1ed3, s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n: t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt: th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan: sa m\u1ea1c Sahara, Nam C\u1ef1c, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u00e0n, c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kho\u00e1ng s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t (0\u201320 cm) t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng (rhizosphere). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u00f9a v\u1ee5, lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.4&nbsp;Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh th\u00e1i<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang theo nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (functional groups) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm \u0103n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ebfm \u0103n<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Vai tr\u00f2 sinh th\u00e1i<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n (Bacterivores)<\/td><td>Ti\u00eau h\u00f3a vi khu\u1ea9n trong \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><td>Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y chu tr\u00ecnh N, P; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n n\u1ea5m (Fungivores)<\/td><td>\u0102n s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 b\u00e0o t\u1eed<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft h\u1ec7 n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t; tham gia ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng s\u0103n m\u1ed3i (Predators)<\/td><td>\u0102n tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng, nguy\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng (Entomopathogenic)<\/td><td>K\u00fd sinh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sinh h\u1ecdc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (Plant-parasitic)<\/td><td>H\u00fat dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y<\/td><td>G\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng; ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ea5t k\u00e9m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (Animal-parasitic)<\/td><td>K\u00fd sinh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/td><td>G\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng trong y h\u1ecdc<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 90% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c trung t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf (d\u01b0\u1edbi 10%) l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u2013 song \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0110\u1eb6T V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 \u2013 TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG V\u1edaI S\u1ea2N XU\u1ea4T N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.1 M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, song l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf do tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t 100 t\u1ef7 USD m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 12\u201314% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quanh n\u0103m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.2&nbsp; C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Nh\u00f3m tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Lo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n<\/td><td>Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. hapla<\/td><td>C\u00e0 chua, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, ti\u00eau, rau m\u00e0u, l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n (galls) tr\u00ean r\u1ec5; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3; k\u00fd sinh n\u1ed9i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng nang<\/td><td>Heterodera glycines, Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida<\/td><td>\u0110\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoai t\u00e2y<\/td><td>Th\u00e2n tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00e1i h\u00f3a nang ch\u1ee9a tr\u1ee9ng; t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1<\/td><td>Ditylenchus dipsaci, D. destructor<\/td><td>H\u00e0nh t\u1ecfi, khoai t\u00e2y, c\u1ecf tr\u1ed3ng<\/td><td>X\u00e2m nh\u1eadp th\u00e2n, l\u00e1, c\u1ee7; g\u00e2y th\u1ed1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ch\u00e2m l\u00e1<\/td><td>Aphelenchoides fragariae, A. besseyi<\/td><td>D\u00e2u t\u00e2y, l\u00faa, c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh<\/td><td>Di chuy\u1ec3n trong m\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t; g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1m l\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ch\u00edch h\u00fat r\u1ec5<\/td><td>Pratylenchus spp. (Lesion nematode)<\/td><td>R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng<\/td><td>Di chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o; g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t tr\u00ean r\u1ec5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng xo\u1eafn<\/td><td>Helicotylenchus spp.<\/td><td>Chu\u1ed1i, m\u00eda, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/td><td>B\u00e1n n\u1ed9i k\u00fd sinh; cu\u1ed9n xo\u1eafn khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng; g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng r\u1ec5 ngo\u00e0i<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3&nbsp; D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, n\u1ea5m b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c \u00fang n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.1 D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean th\u00e2n l\u00e1:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e2y sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm, c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng so v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00e1 v\u00e0ng \u00faa, nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00e9o r\u0169 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a n\u1eafng (do thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc), ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e2y ra hoa, \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00e1i k\u00e9m; n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e2y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng (n\u1ea5m, vi khu\u1ea9n)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.2 D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u1ec5:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>R\u1ec5 ng\u1eafn, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u00e9m, k\u00e9m \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n, u b\u01b0\u1edbu (galls) t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ng\u00f3n tay tr\u00ean r\u1ec5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u1ec5 b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i, h\u00f3a n\u00e2u, c\u00f3 v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3ng ch\u1ebft ho\u1ea1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00f4ng h\u00fat r\u1ec5 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><em>L\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng: Tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ru\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c &#8220;v\u1ec7t ch\u1ebft&#8221; hay &#8220;\u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0ng&#8221; c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, lan r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau\/l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4&nbsp;Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9c canh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i: Tr\u1ed3ng \u0111i tr\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh t\u00edch l\u0169y m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng: Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n v\u00f4 c\u01a1 li\u1ec1u cao ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i trong \u0111\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1: \u0110\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u00edt tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0103n n\u1ea5m \u2013 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh \u2013 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng vi sinh v\u1eadt: H\u1ec7 vi sinh \u0111\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Suppressive soil); khi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c: C\u00e0y x\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sinh c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi (nh\u01b0 Meloidogyne) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3&nbsp;NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U V\u00c0 C\u01a0 S\u1ede KHOA H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.1 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong chu tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0103n n\u1ea5m \u2013 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong chu tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Microbial Loop&#8221; (v\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n vi sinh v\u1eadt). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Microbial Loop di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau: Vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (N, P, S&#8230;) t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n\/n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a ch\u00fang, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ammonium (NH\u2084\u207a) \u2013 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1m d\u1ec5 h\u1ea5p thu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ingham et al. (1985) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 20\u201330% nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m&#8221; v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Sinh v\u1eadt tham gia<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh N\u2082 v\u00e0 P h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1m, vi khu\u1ea9n h\u00f2a tan P<\/td><td>N, P \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y trong sinh kh\u1ed1i vi khu\u1ea9n (d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Bacterivorous nematodes<\/td><td>NH\u2084\u207a, PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea5t (d\u1ea1ng d\u1ec5 ti\u00eau)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C\u00e2y h\u1ea5p thu dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>R\u1ec5 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m r\u1ec5 (mycorrhizae)<\/td><td>N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng t\u0103ng; chu tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0103n n\u1ea5m<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Fungivorous nematodes<\/td><td>Kho\u00e1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i; gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng C, N t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 n\u1ea5m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngo\u00e0i chu tr\u00ecnh N v\u00e0 P, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong: (1) Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u00e0o t\u1eed n\u1ea5m trong \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd; (2) \u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m vi sinh v\u1eadt; (3) Tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t m\u00f9n (humus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture2.png\" alt=\"TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG \u00a0V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I\" class=\"wp-image-1880\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture2.png 624w, https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture2-300x261.png 300w, https:\/\/bio2a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Picture2-600x522.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2&nbsp;C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u00f4, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n &#8220;h\u00fat nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y&#8221;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2.1 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stylet (kim ch\u00edch h\u00fat) xuy\u00ean qua th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong m\u00f4 r\u1ec5 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ebf b\u00e0o theo h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1edf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2.2&nbsp;C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c enzyme (cellulase, pectinase) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c protein \u0111i\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (effectors) v\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00edch th\u00edch t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gene c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o r\u1ec5, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh &#8220;t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng&#8221; (feeding cells)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (giant cells) ho\u1eb7c syncytia \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cung c\u1ea5p dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2.3&nbsp; H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1ea5p thu n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 r\u1ec5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hormone c\u00e2y (auxin, cytokinin) do tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ti\u1ebft ra ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e2y t\u1ea1o ra<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 quang h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n c\u00e2y<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u0103ng ti\u00eau hao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3&nbsp; M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 &#8220;m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng&#8221; cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Disease Complex&#8221; (ph\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1i) \u2013 khi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m\/vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u1eebng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Disease Complex: V\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng do tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp cho n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e2y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00e0o t\u1eed n\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u00f4 r\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>M\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng li\u00ean quan<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>B\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Fusarium oxysporum<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Meloidogyne spp.<\/td><td>H\u00e9o v\u00e0ng Fusarium n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 3\u20135 l\u1ea7n khi c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pythium spp.<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Pratylenchus spp.<\/td><td>Th\u1ed1i r\u1ec5 n\u1eb7ng, lan nhanh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Phytophthora cinnamomi<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Xiphinema spp.<\/td><td>Ch\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y b\u01a1, s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rhizoctonia solani<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Helicotylenchus spp.<\/td><td>L\u1edf c\u1ed5 r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y con; th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t c\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ralstonia solanacearum<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Meloidogyne spp.<\/td><td>H\u00e9o xanh vi khu\u1ea9n; tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o cho vi khu\u1ea9n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t \u2013 Nematode Maturity Index (MI)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb sinh h\u1ecdc (bioindicators) v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Bongers (1990) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng (Nematode Maturity Index \u2013 MI) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i &#8220;opportunistic&#8221; (c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i) c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn, sinh s\u1ea3n nhanh, chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i &#8220;persistent&#8221; (b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng) c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 MI cao (g\u1ea7n 5) cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. MI th\u1ea5p (g\u1ea7n 1) cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, suy tho\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c canh t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong quan tr\u1eafc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4&nbsp;GI\u1ea2I PH\u00c1P QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 KI\u1ec2M SO\u00c1T TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn &#8220;ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t&#8221; (eradication) sang &#8220;qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd sinh th\u00e1i&#8221; (ecological management).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u2013 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh t\u1ebf (Economic Threshold Level \u2013 ETL), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.1 Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c (Cultural Practices)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cao nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.1.1 Lu\u00e2n canh c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u00e2n canh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 xen k\u1ebd c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y k\u00fd ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd ch\u1ee7 (ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd ch\u1ee7 k\u00e9m) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sau 2 v\u1ee5 c\u00e0 chua (k\u00fd ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Meloidogyne), tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eafp ho\u1eb7c ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd ch\u1ee7) trong 1 v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng 60\u201370%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lu\u00e2n canh v\u1edbi l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 k\u00fd ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf lu\u00e2n canh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.1.2&nbsp;C\u00e2y b\u1eaby v\u00e0 c\u00e2y xua \u0111u\u1ed5i:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00fac v\u1ea1n th\u1ecd (Tagetes spp.) ti\u1ebft thiophen \u2013 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Pratylenchus v\u00e0 Meloidogyne; tr\u1ed3ng xen ho\u1eb7c c\u00e0y v\u00f9i l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n xanh<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sudan grass (Sorghum \u00d7 drummondii) khi c\u00e0y v\u00f9i t\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng hydrogen cyanide t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh, l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ng: l\u00e0m tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp r\u1ec5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.1.3&nbsp; Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ph\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t (soil solarization): ph\u1ee7 nilon trong su\u1ed1t 4\u20136 tu\u1ea7n m\u00f9a n\u1eafng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103ng l\u00ean 50\u201360\u00b0C ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t 30 cm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau h\u1ee3p l\u00fd: tr\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng: x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 canh t\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n gi\u1ed1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00e2y lan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc <a href=\"https:\/\/bio2a.com\/en\/product\/che-pham-sinh-hoc-vi-sinh-visii-plus\/\" data-type=\"product\" data-id=\"1601\">(Biocontrol)<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c lo\u00e0i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Purpureocillium lilacinum (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y: Paecilomyces lilacinus)<\/td><td>K\u00fd sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tr\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; ti\u1ebft enzyme ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng (chitinase, protease)<\/td><td>Gi\u1ea3m 40\u201370% m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea5t \u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eefu c\u01a1; kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t n\u1ea5m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pochonia chlamydosporia (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y: Verticillium chlamydosporium)<\/td><td>B\u1eaft v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tr\u1ee9ng + \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng J2; x\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m tr\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1edf<\/td><td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u1edbi Meloidogyne v\u00e0 Heterodera trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cao<\/td><td>C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea5t (4\u20136 tu\u1ea7n sau x\u1eed l\u00fd)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bacillus subtilis<\/td><td>Ti\u1ebft iturin, surfactin, fengycin kh\u00e1ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y (ISR)<\/td><td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1ec5 30\u201350%; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e2y<\/td><td>C\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bacillus velezensis<\/td><td>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lipopeptide v\u00e0 enzyme ngo\u1ea1i b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; k\u00edch th\u00edch SAR\/ISR<\/td><td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; c\u0169ng kh\u00e1ng n\u1ea5m b\u1ec7nh<\/td><td>Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3n g\u1ed1c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Streptomyces spp.<\/td><td>Sinh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p avermectin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh th\u00e1i<\/td><td>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng sinh h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/td><td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cao, pH trung t\u00ednh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng k\u00fd sinh c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng (Steinernema, Heterorhabditis)<\/td><td>K\u00fd sinh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t; c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi vi khu\u1ea9n Xenorhabdus\/Photorhabdus<\/td><td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u1edbi s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ecd hung; kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/td><td>B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n l\u1ea1nh; h\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng ng\u1eafn; c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.3&nbsp;Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng &#8220;t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh&#8221; (Self-regulation), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.3.1&nbsp;B\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compost tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh (hoai m\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n): cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho <a href=\"https:\/\/youtube.com\/shorts\/UlHvnXDQsZI\" rel=\"dofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t; <\/a>\u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hoai m\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (55\u201370\u00b0C) ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1ed1ng \u1ee7<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u00e2n xanh c\u00e0y v\u00f9i: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (glucosinolates t\u1eeb h\u1ecd c\u1ea3i, thiophen t\u1eeb c\u00fac v\u1ea1n th\u1ecd) c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 vi sinh: k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t mang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Biochar:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Biochar l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1t sinh kh\u1ed1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu oxy (pyrolysis), t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t than \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed7 x\u1ed1p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biochar c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho vi sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y biochar c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m 25\u201340% m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean h\u1ec7 vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.3.3&nbsp; T\u0103ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y che ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t (cover crops) quanh n\u0103m duy tr\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 r\u1ec5 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e0y x\u1edbi: gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh c\u1ea3nh vi m\u00f4 trong \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u ph\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng: b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ea5m k\u00fd sinh, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng s\u0103n m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ecd \u0111u\u00f4i b\u1eadt (Collembola)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.4 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (Integrated Pest Management \u2013 IPM)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh IPM cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: \u01b0u ti\u00ean bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u00edt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t; ch\u1ec9 can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh khi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n IPM<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba (Prevention)<\/td><td>Lu\u00e2n canh, v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ng, ki\u1ec3m d\u1ecbch gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng t\u00edch l\u0169y; ng\u0103n l\u00e2y lan t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Theo d\u00f5i (Monitoring)<\/td><td>L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i v\u1ee5); ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng<\/td><td>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p (ETL)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sinh h\u1ecdc (Biological)<\/td><td>Vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng, n\u1ea5m k\u00fd sinh, c\u00e2y b\u1eaby, c\u00e2y xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Suppressive soil<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Canh t\u00e1c (Cultural)<\/td><td>Solarization, ph\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u01a1, biochar, che ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><td>T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng; h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi sinh \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (Chemical \u2013 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i)<\/td><td>Thu\u1ed1c nematicide ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc; \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc (abamectin, fluopyram)<\/td><td>H\u1ea1 nhanh m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ETL; k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngay v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sinh h\u1ecdc<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><em>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh t\u1ebf (ETL) cho tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 200\u2013500 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3\/100g \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n (Meloidogyne) tr\u00ean c\u00e2y rau m\u00e0u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo t\u1eebng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.5&nbsp;Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y kh\u00e1ng tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 chua mang gene kh\u00e1ng Mi-1 kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica v\u00e0 M. arenaria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gi\u1ed1ng khoai t\u00e2y kh\u00e1ng Globodera (PCN resistance) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuy nhi\u00ean, tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ng (virulence) sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7; c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a IPM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u h\u1eefu c\u01a1, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng vi sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:0px\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<br>TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:0px\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<br>TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:0px\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<br>TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:0px\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<br>TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:0px\">TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I.<br>TUY\u1ebeN TR\u00d9NG &nbsp;V\u00c0 1 S\u1ed0 T\u00c1C \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1ec6 SINH TH\u00c1I. 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